Communication scholars are only now becoming aware of this dimension in research as computer technologies have made it possible for many people to produce and publish multimedia presentations. In your APA methods section, you should report detailed information on the participants, materials, and procedures used. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Your research question (30 seconds or less), An answer to "so what?" 
This helps the reader understand how far your results may be generalized to other people. State whether you used an experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive (observational), correlational, and/or longitudinal design. using pilot studies to test your materials on unrelated samples. Once you've gone through the process of doing communication research using a quantitative, qualitative, or critical/rhetorical methodological approach the final step is tocommunicateit. Appendices: Appendix material includes items like questionnaires used in the study, photographs, documents, etc. An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. The article was designed to point out how dense academic jargon can sometimes mask sloppy thinking. The journal, founded in 2005, treats performance itself as a methodology, and accepts contribution in html, mp3, Quicktime, and Flash formats. "If statistics were presented, how were they obtained? To test our secondary hypothesis of parental education levels and gender as predictors of religiosity, multiple linear regression analysis was used. The primary outcome measures were the levels of religiosity and trust in science. The methods of your paper are the processes that govern your research, where the researcher explains what s/he did to solve the problem. Visual scholar Lester Faigley et al. The methods section of an APA style paper is where you report in detail how you performed your study. The statistical significance of the correlation coefficient was assessed using a t test. Begin the methods section by reporting sample characteristics, sampling procedures, and the sample size. Be sure to report these characteristics as precisely as possible. For more detail on writing a literature review, see Appendix 1. In a scientific paper, the methodology always comes after the introduction and before the results, discussion and conclusion. ), graphics, tables, and photos are recommended. They should be organized consistently with the order in which they are referenced in the text of the paper. In the control condition, participants completed a short general knowledge test immediately after the filler task. Instead of presenting on a panel of 4-5 people to an audience, a poster presenter is with others in a large hall or room, and talks one-on-one with visitors who look at the visual poster display of the research. Their outcomes are reported in the results section. For example, in quantitative research, one might conduct surveys, experiments, or content analysis. For data thats subjectively coded (for example, classifying open-ended responses), report interrater reliability scores. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. You can look down at notes later" (p. 125). Participants In the experimental condition, participants were asked to visualize themselves taking the test for 3 minutes before they actually did. Sometimes, this section is called a "conclusion" by researchers. Sometimes the results section is combined with the discussion section. Ethics approval was obtained from the university board before recruitment began. More than half of the participants were women (56%), and all participants had completed at least 12 years of education. A sample size of at least 783 was deemed necessary for detecting a correlation coefficient of .1, with a power level of 80% and a significance level of .05, using a sample size calculator (www.sample-size.net/correlation-sample-size/). Trust in Science One online performance studies journal,Liminalities, is an excellent example of how "research" can be more than just printed words. Color weather maps have long been a standard feature of television weathercasts and in turn led to color-coded weather maps in daily newspapers. Specify all relevant demographic characteristics of your participants. IBM (2011). You can also add lower level headings within these subsections, as long as they follow APA heading styles. training researchers to collect data reliably. Transgressing the boundaries: towards a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity. For example, if Candidate X won a straw poll in Iowa, does that mean she'll get her party's nomination? For multi-group studies, report the following design and procedural details as well: Describe whether any masking was used to hide the condition assignment (e.g., placebo or medication condition) from participants or research administrators. If the results confirmed or corresponded with the findings of other literature, then that should be stated. (1996). (p. 10), communicate effectively in an academic context, Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity, www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, template for making an effective poster presentation, http://www.aejmc.org/home/2013/01/about-poster-sessions/, http://www.research.ibm.com/social/projects_manyeyes.shtml, http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/15/specials/sokal-text.html, Equal Opportunity/Non-Discrimination Statement. The Likert scale is made up of 15 questions with five subscales of ideology, experience, intellect, public practice, and private practice. Additionally, report whether participants were self-selected, either by themselves or by their institutions (e.g., schools may submit student data for research purposes). An example item is How often do you experience situations in which you have the feeling that God or something divine intervenes in your life? Participants were asked to indicate frequency of occurrence by selecting a response ranging from 1 (very often) to 5 (never). As you may have noticed, academic writing does have a language (e.g., words like heuristic vocabulary and hypotheses) and style (e.g., literature reviews) all its own. For example, if you didnt need to consider outlier removal or ways of assigning participants to different conditions, you dont have to report these steps. Social Text46/47, 217-252. Potential participants were invited to participate in the survey online using Qualtrics (www.qualtrics.com). Where does the methodology section go in a research paper? For this correlational study, we assessed our primary hypothesis of a relationship between religiosity and trust in science using Pearson moment correlation coefficient. Many Eyes, an open source data visualization tool (sponsored by IBM Research), says its goal "is to 'democratize' visualization and to enable a new social kind of data analysis" (IBM, 2011). Your interpretations of the study outcomes should be based only on your final sample rather than your intended sample. explaining the relevance of your research (30 seconds), Your claim, or argument (30 seconds or less), The map of your presentation structure (30 seconds or less). In your APA methods section, you should report enough information to understand and replicate your study, including detailed information on the sample, measures, and procedures used. (Check with your professor; some like to have tables and figures inserted within the paper's main text.) Sokal, A. In most oral presentations of research, whether at the end of a semester, or at a research symposium or conference, you will likely have just 10 to 20 minutes. Indeed, virtually every academic library is now digitizing all types of media, not just texts, and making them available for public viewing and, when possible, for use in presenting research. Journal of Communication Inquiry35: 157-178. doi:10.1177/0196859911402992. Try to make your title both descriptive (i.e., it gives the reader an idea what the study is about) and interesting (i.e., it is catchy enough to get one's attention). Review all methods you used to assure the quality of your measurements. (1997). A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations: Chicago style guide for students and researchers(7th ed.). A. Because critical/rhetorical research is much more descriptive, the subheadings in such a paper are often times not generic subheads like "literature review," but instead descriptive subheadings that apply to the topic at hand, as seen in the schematic below. Explain how this masking was applied and whether its effectiveness was assessed. American Psychological Association (2010). In the between-subjects experimental design, the independent variable was whether the visualization intervention was applied and the dependent variable was the difference in test scores between conditions. Pritha Bhandari. For example, imagine you have been asked to do a blind (i.e., the author's identity is concealed) "peer review" of communication research for acceptance to a conference, or publication in an academic journal. Critical/rhetorical studies will include many of the same steps, but will often have different headings. What should I include in an APA methods section? Detailed descriptions of procedures that dont fit into your main text can be placed in supplemental materials (for example, the exact instructions and tasks given to participants, the full analytical strategy including software code, or additional figures and tables). Participant Informed Consent, orNew York TimesSpeech Coverage). We selected for a geographically diverse sample within the Midwest of the US through an initial screening survey. Describe any covariatesthese are any additional variables that may explain or predict the outcomes. Before you do any oral presentation, it's good to have a brief "pitch" ready for anyone who asks you about your research. According to the journal's editor, about six reviewers had read the article but didn't suspect that it was phony. Writing in academics has a form and style that you will want to apply not only to report your own research, but also to enhance your skills at reading original research published in academic journals. Report all of the procedures applied for administering the study, processing the data, and for planned data analyses. We are not doing actual research, but are reviewing the literature in the research community on our topic (my topic - Using hallucinogens to treat mental health disorders such as PTSD, Anxiety and/or depression). Postmodern gravity deconstructed, slyly. A mathematician reads the newspaper. After you completed your study, your findings will be listed in the results section. http://www.research.ibm.com/social/projects_manyeyes.shtml. Its important to show that your study had enough statistical power to find effects if there were any to be found. The literature review summarizes and organizes the relevant books, articles, and other research in this area. Research papers in the social and natural sciences often follow APA style. Be as thorough as possible for a complete picture of your techniques. In APA Style, you actually should use the first person ("I") when referring to your own ideas, actions, and opinions. For more details on the exact instructions and tasks given, see supplementary materials. Ethics approval was obtained from the university board before recruitment began. This tells the reader how similarly each response was rated by multiple raters. An example item is How often do you experience situations in which you have the feeling that God or something divine intervenes in your life? Participants were asked to indicate frequency of occurrence by selecting a response ranging from 1 (very often) to 5 (never). New York: Collins Design. We need to develop pros and cons and then say why we believe.such and such. February 5, 2021 If it is a published paper, it is useful to include key search terms in this brief description of the paper (the title may already have a few of these terms as well). The filler task was included to avoid priming or demand characteristics, and an attention check was embedded within the religiosity scale. As in an oral presentation, a poster highlights just the main point of the paper. The survey was administered using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com). Whether your study supported or contradicted your hypotheses, it's always helpful to fully report what your results were. Your tone shouldn't be "I have found everything important there is to find, and I will cram as much as I can into this presentation," but instead "I found some things you will find interesting, but I realize there is more to find.". Organize your findings into a few points, and don't get bogged down in minutiae. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. More than half of the participants were women (56%), and all participants had completed at least 12 years of education. The same basic structure also applies to a thesis, dissertation, or research proposal. instructions given to the participants in each group. In fact, you may tell your audience that you are only presenting on one portion of the paper, and that you would be happy to talk more about your research and findings in the question and answer session that typically follows. The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) has atemplate for making an effective poster presentation. This annotated example reports methods for a descriptive correlational survey on the relationship between religiosity and trust in science in the US. The test consisted of 20 multiple choice questions with medium difficulty. Karen. At the very least, the methods will include a description of participants, data collection, and data analysis, with specific details on each of these elements. Many of these archives are located at colleges and universities around the world, where digital librarians are spearheading a massive effort to make informationprint, audio, visual, and graphicavailable to the public as part of a global information commons. Instead, create an outline of a few main points, and practice your presentation. McCandless, D. (2009). The internal consistency of the instrument is .83 (Huber & Huber, 2012). February 17, 2022. For full instructions and details of tasks, see supplementary materials. The internal consistency of the instrument is .83 (Huber & Huber, 2012). The statistical significance of the correlation coefficient was assessed using a t test. (Sokal, 1996. pp. 217-218). Example of an APA methods section Methods how participants were assigned to different conditions (e.g., randomization). The University of Northern Iowa has a growing Special Collections Unit that includes digital images of every UNI Yearbook between 1905 and 1923 and audio files of UNI jazz band performances. Although visuals may seem to be anathema to the primacy of the written word in research, they are a legitimate way, and at times the best way, to present ideas. A number of free web tools can also transform raw data into useful charts and graphs. Additionally, state whether your final sample differed from the intended sample. Some specialized vocabulary may still be difficult. In creative communication research, the method may be an interpretive performance studies or filmmaking. Faigley, L., George, D., Palchik, A., Selfe, C. (2004). Were they derived from a random sample or from a collection of anecdotes? Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). We selected for a geographically diverse sample within the Midwest of the US through an initial screening survey. Participants were randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition. Turabiansuggests an introduction of not more than three minutes, which should include these elements: As Turabian (2007) suggests, "Rehearse your introduction, not only to get it right, but to be able to look your audience in the eye as you give it. As the professor, Alan Sokal, had expected, the article was published. (The minutiae are for readers to find if they wish, not for listeners to struggle through.) Merskin, D. (2011). How confident can we be of them? To attract attention, poster presentations need to be nicely designed, or in the words of an advertising professor who schedules poster sessions at conferences, "be big, bold, and brief" (Broyles, 2011). The filler task was included to avoid priming or demand characteristics, and an attention check was embedded within the religiosity scale. Potential participants were invited to participate in the survey online using Qualtrics (www.qualtrics.com). Appendix A, Appendix B), with a second line of title describing what the appendix contains (e.g. To test our secondary hypothesis of parental education levels and gender as predictors of religiosity, multiple linear regression analysis was used. The page numbers for appendices are consecutive with the paper and reference list. Participants were recruited online through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk; www.mturk.com). The sample included 879 adults aged between 18 and 28. Appropriately identify the sampling procedure used. Depending on your study topic, other characteristics like educational or immigration status or language preference may also be relevant. From that point, state your research question, define the problem (see Chapter One) with an overview of what we do and don't know, and finally state what you will do, or what you want to find out. An alphabetical letter is assigned for each piece (e.g. The survey consisted of multiple choice questions regarding demographic characteristics, the Centrality of Religiosity scale, an unrelated filler anagram task, and finally the General Trust in Science index. Religiosity Quantitative and qualitative studies will most typically use the rest of the section titles noted below. Through the study of research methods, we have begun to build a critical vocabulary and understanding to ask good questions when others present "knowledge." An example question asks How much do you distrust or trust scientists to create knowledge that is unbiased and accurate? Internal consistency was .8. Note that not all of these topics will necessarily be relevant for your study. You should report methods using the past tense, even if you havent completed your study at the time of writing. Hover over each part for explanation of what is included. For example, a critical/rhetorical paper will have an introduction, definition of terms, and literature review, followed by an analysis (often divided into sections by areas of investigation) and ending with a conclusion/implications section. The major style manuals (the APA Manual, the MLA Handbook, and Turabian) are very helpful in documenting the structure of writing a study, and are highly recommended for consultation. Four Likert scale items were assessed on a scale from 1 (completely distrust) to 5 (completely trust). Large type (at least 18 pt. Here is where the researcher considers the results, particularly in light of the literature review, and explains what the findings mean. Say goodbye to losing marks on your assignment! The survey consisted of multiple choice questions regarding demographic characteristics, the Centrality of Religiosity scale, an unrelated filler anagram task, and finally the General Trust in Science index. Identify any compensation (e.g., course credits or money) that was provided to participants, and mention any institutional review board approvals and ethical standards followed. In each issue, traditional academic essays and book reviews are often supported photographs, while other parts of an issue can include video, audio, and multimedia contributions. For full instructions and details of tasks, see supplementary materials. Trust in science was assessed using the General Trust in Science index (McCright, Dentzman, Charters & Dietz, 2013). (2004) explains how data visualizations have become part of our daily lives: Visualizations can shed light on research as well. New York: Anchor. 
or cite manually. PowerPoint slides are acceptable, but don't read them. For mostconferencesandjournals, submissions are made online, where editors can manage the flow and assign reviews to papers. Although this may be the last thing your write, make it one of the best things you write, because this may be the first thing your audience reads about the paper (and may be the only thing read if it is written badly). What we learn in research methods about validity, reliability, sampling, variables, research participants, epistemology, grounded theory, and rhetoric, we can consider whether the "knowledge" that is presented in the news is a verifiable fact, a sound argument, or just conjecture. However, if your instructor still requires you to avoid "I," you can read more here about ways of doing so. It sets up both quantitative and qualitative studies, showing the need for the study. Thepublic domain imagebelow creatively maps U.S. Census data of the outflow of people from California to other states between 1995 and 2000. Gimpis comparable to Photoshop, and it is free and relatively easy to use. The APA guidelines emphasize writing about participants using bias-free language, so its necessary to use inclusive and appropriate terms. But, no matter what style manual you may use, there are some common elements to the structure of an academic communication research paper. Outline all steps taken to scrutinize or process the data after collection. Helping your reader understand the methods you used for your study is important not only for your own study's credibility, but also for possible replication of your study by other researchers. Another tool,Soundslides, enables users to import images and audio to create a photographic slideshow, while the program handles all of the background code. Trust in science was assessed using the General Trust in Science index (McCright, Dentzman, Charters & Dietz, 2013). A research study can be very good, but if it is not clearly described so that others can see how the results were determined or obtained, then the quality of the study and its potential contributions are lost. For example, you should only label a sample as randomif you had access to every member of the relevant population. Other tools, often open source and free, can help visual academic research into interactive maps; interactive, image-based timelines; interactive charts; and simple 2-D and 3-D animations. Scott, J. Data visualization: The out-migration from California to other states, 1995-2000. That study's author fortunately chose the title, "A boyfriend to die for: Edward Cullen as compensated psychopath in Stephanie Meyer'sTwilight," which is more precisely descriptive, and much more interesting (Merskin, 2011). When discussing people who participate in research, descriptive terms like participants, subjects and respondents can be used. For this correlational study, we assessed our primary hypothesis of a relationship between religiosity and trust in science using Pearson moment correlation coefficient. London-based David McCandless specializes in visualizing interesting research questions, or in his words "the questions I wanted answering" (2009, p. 7). But, you should understand how to critically review research. Religiosity refers to involvement and belief in religious traditions, while trust in science represents confidence in scientists and scientific research outcomes. Four Likert scale items were assessed on a scale from 1 (completely distrust) to 5 (completely trust). A general knowledge test appropriate for adults was created using materials from a previous study (see supplementary materials). Depending on the length and type of document, you might also include a literature review or theoretical framework before the methodology. For example, the title, "The uncritical idealization of a compensated psychopath character in a popular book series," would not be an inaccurate title for a published study, but it is rather vague and exceedingly boring. My instructor wants our views on where we stand after reviewing scholarly articles. Revised on To ensure high validity, you should provide enough detail for your reader to understand how and why you processed or transformed your raw data in these specific ways. Tables and figures are referenced in the text, but included at the end of the study and numbered consecutively. The visual miscellaneum. What tense should I write the methods section in? 
Critical/rhetorical researchers rarely have a specific section called "methods," as opposed to quantitative and qualitative researchers, but rather demonstrate the method they use for analysis throughout the writing of their piece. The use of the colon in academic titles can help authors accomplish both objectives: a catchy but relevant phrase, followed by a more clear explanation of the article's topic. Yet, it is also important to remember that your analyses and findings should also be written to be accessible. Washington, DC: Author. Write up the tools and techniques that you used to measure relevant variables. For critical/rhetorical research, the literature review often incorporates the description of the historical context and heuristic vocabulary, with key terms defined in this section of the paper. translation and back-translation of research materials. Specify the data collection methods, the research design and data analysis strategy, including any steps taken to transform the data and statistical analyses. In the presentation, spend the least amount of time on the literature review (a very brief summary will suffice) and the most on your own original contribution. His images include a graph of thepeak times of the year for breakups(based on Facebook status updates), aradiation dosage chart, and someexperiments with the Google Ngram Viewer, which charts the appearance of keywords in millions of books over hundreds of years. 
Make sure to report the settings of (e.g., screen resolution) any specialized apparatus used. Developing this concise description, you will have some practice in distilling what might be a complicated topic into one others can quickly grasp. In qualitative research, one might instead use interviews and observations. For example, the conference for the AEJMC ask reviewers to consider (on a five-point scale, from Excellent to Poor) a number of familiar research dimensions, including the paper's clarity of purpose, literature review, clarity of research method, appropriateness of research method, evidence presented clearly, evidence supportive of conclusions, general writing and organization, and the significance of the contribution to the field. Paulos, J. "About poster sessions." To report research design, note your overall framework for data collection and analysis. The researcher usually organizes the results of his/her results section by research question or hypothesis, stating the results for each one, using statistics to show how the research question or hypothesis was answered in the study. I'm confused about this and would appreciate any guidance. If your study uses a combination design, consult APA guidelines for mixed methods studies. AEJMC. In the discussion section, the researcher gives an appraisal of the results. This may include their age, sex, ethnic or racial group, gender identity, education level, and socioeconomic status. Particularly in a quantitative study, the results section is for revisiting your hypotheses and reporting whether or not your results supported them, and the statistical significance of the results. In this section, all of the literature cited in the text should have full references in alphabetical order. This article focuses on reporting quantitative research methods. How do I do this without using "I" statements? Consider your presentation the beginning of a dialogue between you and the audience. Procedure This chapter discusses how to present your results in writing, how to write accessibly, how to visualize data, and how to present your results in person. For communication researchers, there is also a vast array of visual digital archives available online. A good guideline to keep in mind istransparency.
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